There are multiple routes to becoming a registered counsellor however, the most common is the CPCAB levels and training. Starting at Level 2 and then progressing onto Level 3. Once you have completed Level 3 you can then go onto Level 4 (once Level 4 is completed you can work as a counsellor privately or NHS. 

It all depends on the route you take, but with the CPCAB route it can take up to 4 years depending on the path. If your training centre offers Level 2 and 3 fast track it can take around 3 years. Check on the CPCAB centre finder to see which centres offer which levels and paths.

Again it depends on which route you take, with the CPCAB Levels 2 and 3 are often self-funded but most training centres offer payment plans. Sometimes depending on the training provider Levels 3 and 4 can have some form of funding, but you will have to check with the CPCAB and training provider.